Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Practical Summary of WHO 2025 Recommendations Introduction Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) remains the leading cause of maternal mortality globally , accounting for nearly one in five maternal deaths worldwide. The majority of these deaths are preventable through timely prevention, early diagnosis, and standardised treatment. Recognising persistent gaps in care, the World Health Organisation (WHO), in collaboration with the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) and the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM), released consolidated evidence-based guidelines in 2025 to harmonise global practice and accelerate reductions in maternal deaths. This article summarises the key recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage , translating the guideline table into practical guidance for frontline health workers and health ...
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
Introduction
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, also known as delta hepatitis, is a grave public health concern that often goes unnoticed. The hepatitis D virus, which can only infect individuals already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes this aggressive form of hepatitis. HDV infection can cause severe liver damage and even death. Limited vaccines and treatments for HDV make prevention the best strategy. Healthcare providers should be mindful of the risks of HDV infection and screen patients for HBV infection. This blog post will explore HDV infection, including its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.
1. Transmission of HDV
Someone primarily transmitted HDV through contact with infected blood or blood products. The most common routes of transmission include:* Injection drug use: Sharing needles and other drug paraphernalia can lead to HDV transmission.
* Sexual contact: Individuals with multiple sexual partners, particularly those infected with HBV, face a higher risk of contracting HDV through sexual activity.
* Mother-to-child transmission: HDV can also be passed from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.
* Occupational exposure: Healthcare workers who come into contact with infected blood or bodily fluids without proper protection are at risk of HDV infection.
2. Symptoms of HDV infection
Symptoms of HDV infection can vary from mild to severe, and in some cases, individuals may exhibit no symptoms at all. Common symptoms include:
* Fatigue* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)* Dark urine* Abdominal pain* Loss of appetite* Nausea and vomiting
It is crucial to note that HDV infection can worsen existing liver damage caused by HBV, leading to more severe symptoms and complications.
3. Diagnosis of HDV infection
Diagnosing HDV infection involves a series of tests, including:
* HBV screening: Since HDV can only infect those already infected with HBV, the first step in diagnosing HDV is testing for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg).
* HDV antibody test: If HBsAg is positive, an HDV antibody test is conducted to confirm the presence of HDV infection.
* Liver function tests: These blood tests help assess the severity of HDV infection and monitor liver health.
Sometimes, a liver biopsy may be necessary to evaluate liver damage caused by HDV.
4. Treatment and prevention
Unfortunately, there is currently no specific antiviral treatment for HDV infection. However, managing the underlying HBV infection is crucial in mitigating liver damage. This may involve:
a). Antiviral medications: Specific antiviral drugs, such as peginterferon alpha, may be prescribed to suppress HBV replication.
b). Liver transplantation: In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Prevention of HDV infection primarily focuses on preventing HBV infection since HDV can only infect individuals already infected with HBV. Some preventive measures include:
c). Hepatitis B vaccination: Vaccination against HBV is the most effective means of preventing HDV infection.
d). Safe injection practices: Avoid sharing needles or drug paraphernalia to reduce the risk of HDV transmission.
e). Safe sexual practices: Engage in safe sexual practices, such as using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners.
f). Universal precautions: Healthcare workers should follow standard precautions when handling blood and bodily fluids.
Conclusion
Hepatitis D virus infection, a silent menace, can have a significant impact on the health of individuals with HBV. Raising awareness about HDV and emphasizing the importance of HBV vaccination and preventive measures are crucial in reducing the spread of HDV. By taking proactive measures, we can strive towards a world free from the devastating effects of HDV. Stay informed and stay safe!
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
Introduction
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, also known as delta hepatitis, is a grave public health concern that often goes unnoticed. The hepatitis D virus, which can only infect individuals already infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes this aggressive form of hepatitis. HDV infection can cause severe liver damage and even death. Limited vaccines and treatments for HDV make prevention the best strategy. Healthcare providers should be mindful of the risks of HDV infection and screen patients for HBV infection. This blog post will explore HDV infection, including its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.1. Transmission of HDV
Someone primarily transmitted HDV through contact with infected blood or blood products. The most common routes of transmission include:* Injection drug use: Sharing needles and other drug paraphernalia can lead to HDV transmission.
* Sexual contact: Individuals with multiple sexual partners, particularly those infected with HBV, face a higher risk of contracting HDV through sexual activity.
* Mother-to-child transmission: HDV can also be passed from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth.
* Occupational exposure: Healthcare workers who come into contact with infected blood or bodily fluids without proper protection are at risk of HDV infection.
2. Symptoms of HDV infection
Symptoms of HDV infection can vary from mild to severe, and in some cases, individuals may exhibit no symptoms at all. Common symptoms include:
* Fatigue
* Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
* Dark urine
* Abdominal pain
* Loss of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
It is crucial to note that HDV infection can worsen existing liver damage caused by HBV, leading to more severe symptoms and complications.
3. Diagnosis of HDV infection
Diagnosing HDV infection involves a series of tests, including:
* HBV screening: Since HDV can only infect those already infected with HBV, the first step in diagnosing HDV is testing for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg).
* HDV antibody test: If HBsAg is positive, an HDV antibody test is conducted to confirm the presence of HDV infection.
* Liver function tests: These blood tests help assess the severity of HDV infection and monitor liver health.
Sometimes, a liver biopsy may be necessary to evaluate liver damage caused by HDV.
4. Treatment and prevention
Unfortunately, there is currently no specific antiviral treatment for HDV infection. However, managing the underlying HBV infection is crucial in mitigating liver damage. This may involve:
a). Antiviral medications:
Specific antiviral drugs, such as peginterferon alpha, may be prescribed to suppress HBV replication.
b). Liver transplantation:
In severe cases of liver damage, a liver transplant may be necessary.
Prevention of HDV infection primarily focuses on preventing HBV infection since HDV can only infect individuals already infected with HBV. Some preventive measures include:
c). Hepatitis B vaccination:
Vaccination against HBV is the most effective means of preventing HDV infection.
d). Safe injection practices:
Avoid sharing needles or drug paraphernalia to reduce the risk of HDV transmission.
e). Safe sexual practices:
Engage in safe sexual practices, such as using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners.
f). Universal precautions:
Healthcare workers should follow standard precautions when handling blood and bodily fluids.
Conclusion
Hepatitis D virus infection, a silent menace, can have a significant impact on the health of individuals with HBV. Raising awareness about HDV and emphasizing the importance of HBV vaccination and preventive measures are crucial in reducing the spread of HDV. By taking proactive measures, we can strive towards a world free from the devastating effects of HDV. Stay informed and stay safe!
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